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Wednesday, August 26, 2020
Plato's Allegory of the Cave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Plato's Allegory of the Cave - Essay Example This is on the grounds that we are being lied each moment of our lives. At present individuals are fastened to a divider known as generalizations. We are made to accept that the generalizations we find in the media are accurately the equivalent as a general rule, something which isn't correct. Most oblivious people have it that each Muslim is a fear based oppressor .Generally, the vast majority erroneously accept that every single American young lady are full figured romantics, Asians are very savvy, the Irish take Guinness the entire day, Canadians abide in igloos, Mexicans are field worker and Jamaicans are perpetually high. Most Americans at present believe that anyone hailing from Middle East is a self destruction plane or a Muslim fear monger. The media which is the inferno behind us is depicting these generalizations with numbness filling the inferno. Individuals in this way, need to break liberated from the divider, move beyond the inferno and out of the cavern to truly watch things as they are as a general rule (Hanly, 2007). Individuals in this way, need to correct themselves on what they ought to accept about different nationalities just as societies encompassing us. Breaking free structure the divider will permit us to see individuals for their individual characters and who they truly are, rather than some not well idea of cliché
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Has racism ceased to be a major problem in the world Essay
Has bigotry stopped to be a significant issue on the planet - Essay Example Is much all the more stressing that it isn't confined to the politically-sanctioned racial segregation advancing landmasses and countries alone. It has made its pervasive route into the very texture of practically all landmasses. Bigotry is an intricate wonder and can't be wished away. Segregation based on shading, race or religion involves the enslavement or abuse of an area of individuals inside a network. To have the option to dispose of this social disease one needs to comprehend the reasons that offer ascent to prejudicial conduct of which bigotry is a significant appearance. Biased conduct can emerge out of sentiments of frailty, dread, disdain and an intense want to command. Individuals who bolster narrow mindedness towards others for the most part work in packs or gatherings and focus on the individuals who are more vulnerable than them. Dominion and the ascent of imperialism from the fifteenth century onwards have offered confidence to racial predominance and prejudicial pra ctices dependent on this apparent prevalence. This prompted the total estrangement of the individuals who have been colonized. The predominance of bigotry was knowledgeable about Africa, Asia and America from the start, and afterward spread through imperialism to the remainder of the world. Prejudice is showed through practices that empower rebellion, disdain among gatherings and racial or strict bigotry. Racists can't acknowledge and additionally endure the selectiveness and uniqueness of ethnic or social gatherings other than theirs.
Friday, August 14, 2020
What lies on the other side of life
What lies on the other side of life A sick man turned to his doctor, as he was preparing to leave the examination room and said, Doctor, I am afraid to die. Tell me what lies on the other side.Very quietly, the doctor said, I dont know.You dont know? You, a Christian man, do not know what is on the other side? The doctor was holding the handle of the door; on the other side came a sound of scratching and whining, and as he opened the door, a dog sprang into the room with his tail wagging and an eager show of gladness.Turning to the patient, the doctor said, Did you notice my dog? Hes never been in this room before. He didnt know what was inside He knew nothing except that his master was here, and when the door opened, he sprang in without fear. I know little of what is on the other side of death, but I do know one thing. I know my Master is there and that is enough.Author Unknown
Sunday, May 24, 2020
Close Our Borders! Essay - 1009 Words
Since the 19th Century, America has become known as the nation of immigrants. During that time the United States experienced the biggest wave of immigration of any place or time in the history of the world. It was also during that same time that America felt the greatest growth in production and standard of living than any other point in history (Divine, 1957). For many, the link between these two exceptional points in history was no coincidence. Certainly one of the most controversial topics discussed today is of immigration. There are those who recognize that their ancestors were once immigrants themselves, and feel that America should hold an ââ¬Å"open doorâ⬠position to immigration. The opposing thought is one created out of fear. Thereâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Because of this we are faced with a dilemma of deciding whether this nation is not only willing to accept new immigrants, but whether it can afford those new immigrants. The moral question yet to be answered is should immigration be decided based on issues of humanity or of economic means? Unquestionably, the most resented and controversial aspect of Americaââ¬â¢s immigration policy has been the growing concern over illegal immigration and its effects on the economy. During the mid 1990ââ¬â¢s, public fury over illegal immigration reached new heights especially in the state of California, which borders Mexico. It was during this time when the United States witnessed one of the highest profile immigration bills in United States history emerge. Proposition 187, also known as the ââ¬Å"Save Our Stateâ⬠initiative, appeared on the 1994 California ballot (Migration Dialogue 1994). Proposition 187 sought to restrict illegal immigrants from receiving public education, non-emergency medical care, and publically funded social services. Even though California voters passed this bill by a narrow margin, it was eventually overturned and never went into effect. There is little question that these changing times in American immigration policy make it imperative that United States government re-examine and adjust current immigration laws toShow MoreRelatedThe Downward Sprial of the United States Economy Essay examples911 Words à |à 4 Pagesconclusion that if the United States closed off borders to foreign trade, it would increase itââ¬â¢s standard of living and make America more profitable. However, this idea is false. The United States must not close off itââ¬â¢s borders to foreign trade because if trade borders were to close, American manufacturing plants would begin to shut down, the American transportation system and public services would suffer resulting in American job loss. If the US closes off borders to foreign trade, manufacturing companiesRead MoreU.s. Immigration And Border Security1007 Words à |à 5 PagesU.S. Immigration; Border Security This research will address U.S. immigration, specifically border security. I will evaluate liberal and conservative views on this issue and then present my own ideas. The main view for liberals on border security is to pardon those who enter the U.S. illegally, including undocumented immigrants. This view believes that regardless of a personââ¬â¢s status in the U.S., they should have the same rights as anyone living here legally; this includes our education system,Read MoreImmigration : The United States1087 Words à |à 5 Pagescountry prospect and is more enrich. Opening the border might improve the economy or can impact the job market for American citizens. It is the jobs of American citizens to be given more to this illegal immigrant. I believe the U.S. borders should remain closed. While it is clear that opening the borders can have benefits, I believe it is more important to keep jobs available for Americans. In my opinion, I think the US borders should remain close because Citizens` or Americans` should be the firstRead MoreMake a Wall1122 Words à |à 5 Pagesa Wall The topic to be discussed is about Border Patrolling. During the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Border Patrol and other federal agencies merged were called into a new U.S. Agency Customs and Border Protection. By tradition, the mission of U.S. Border Patrol has always been the protection and prevention of the illegal entry of aliens and smuggling of illegal contraband into the U.S. The federal agencies US Border Patrol is charged with the responsibility to protectRead MoreAre Our Borders As Secure As The American People Believe They Are?958 Words à |à 4 PagesAre our Borders as Secure as the American people believe they are? I am going to talk about our borders, all of our borders not just the southern border between the United States and Mexico. When anyone talks about or mentions our borders the majority of the public automatically think of our southern border or the Mexico border only. Our northern Border is the longest common border in the world. It joins two nations that enjoy one of the worldââ¬â¢s strongest relationships. So to keep the northern borderRead More Drugs and Alcohol in the Adolescent Years Essay1547 Words à |à 7 Pagesbrought up in has a big part in how they will respond to the same issues. This leads right into my paper topic which is girls growing up on the border. This is a completely different lifestyle as well as upbringing for these girls that are living so close to the Mexico. Drugs and alcohol are everywhere and are most likely intertwined into each of our lives in some way. For this reason it is apparent how likely it is that adolescents are exposed to these substances very often if not daily.Read MorePreventing Migrant Death1007 Words à |à 5 Pagesdeath and suffering of migrants crossing the U.S-Mexico border are not a mistake and must no longer be ignored. As the security along the border has increased, the journey for migrants has become harder than ever, and few are prepared for the danger that awaits them. Our countryââ¬â¢s southern border has become the most dangerous place in the world, in the harshest environment on the planet-the Sonoran Desert. Despite measures to secure the border, migrant death continues to rise. To some, migrants areRead MoreWithdrawal Of The Syrian Refugee Crisis1602 Words à |à 7 Pagesthree different options: Increase Syrian refugee resettlement commitments, establish safe zones in northern Syria, or seal th e Syrian border. As conditions continue to deteriorate in Syria and the number of refugees continues to increase, it is critical that you strengthen the U.S. position in the country of Syria. The establishment of safe zones would align our moral, strategic, and diplomatic interests more than any other possible policy. Half of the electorate or more wants refugees to establishRead MoreU.s. Customs And Border Protection1380 Words à |à 6 Pages U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents faced a lot of challenges when they attempt to secure our borders, they need to ensure that the borders are secure while at the same time not violating peoplesââ¬â¢ constitutional rights. Another challenge that CBP agents face is that with our open borders agreement of NAFTA with our neighboring countries of Mexico and Canada, it makes it impossible for agents to search every single person and vehicle crossing the border because it would disrupt the flow ofRead MoreDangerous Life in Tijuana733 W ords à |à 3 Pageswere told they would cross the border at night, and to be ready at any moment for the signal. The group gathered across the border, like an eerily quiet picnic. Apparently, there were more groups in the same area, which you could only hear. It was not a full moon, visibility was not great. I knew this would not be a good idea and I didnt want to take the chance so on my cue I yelled quietly, Vamos! Vamos! y silencio silencio Quietly they ran and ran staying close, without looking back. They ran
Wednesday, May 13, 2020
Managing One Of The Most Important Decisions Example For Free - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 984 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 1.1 Introduction The choosing of the managing underwriter is one of the most important decisions for acheiving a successful initial public offerings.When the company decides for the first time to sell common shares to the investors in public, it needs also to decide which underwriter will advise it and also will undertake the process of selling its common shares .On the other hand, the underwriters need to select which company (issuer) they will serve. In fact, studying matching between the issuer company and underwriter is very important for both of them. The companies that want to go public look to supposed underwriters who they have the abilities to place, promote, certify, and support the offering. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Managing One Of The Most Important Decisions Example For Free" essay for you Create order Contrary, underwriters investigate the issuers firm advantages (by comparing with other potential issuers) ,like the size of issue, the probability that the offerings will be achieved, and the possibility that the issuer firm re-issue again and stay in business (these advantages are so-called the quality ) which will influence the short-run and long-run earnings for the underwriters (Chitrus.Fernando,Vladimira. Gatchev,Andpaula. Spindt). In their study of 336 chief financial officers (CFOs) who wanted to shift their firms public in 2000-2002, Brau and Fawcett (2006, Table IV) indicated that the major three determinants that the issuers firms use in choosing a managing IPO underwriter are, depended on crucial scale of 1 (low) to 5 (high), the underwriters total reputation and status (4.39/5), the quality and reputation of the research department/analyst (4.25/5), and the underwriters industry expertise and connections (4.24/5). According to Carter, Manaster and Singh (1998) the compan ies which related to underwriters with a high reputation have greater long-run performance than those companies that associated to low reputation underwriters. Therefore, companies who choose high reputable underwriters are more probably to conduct a SEO and less likelihood to change those underwriting banks for their first seasoned equity offering when they did well and were satisfied with the IPO underwriters performance. On the other hand, the management quality and reputation for issuer firm can be as determinants for the underwriter to select the firm that wants to go public. In addition to the underwriters reputation, the choosing of the underwriting bank to conduct IPO depends on its expertise of its research analyst in the issuers firm industry. It is true to say that, selecting the underwriter enable the issuer firm to get coverage from the underwriters analyst who specializes in that industry, and enable the underwriter to win the IPO from that issuer firm. Also, underw riting banks can use its analyst coverage as a tool for product destingation and for smoothing price competition ( Hsuan-Chi Chen and Jay R. Ritter). The relationships between the firm who wants go public and underwriting bank might have influence either on the selling price or timing of offering,and the following performance of the traded shares as well. Actually, regarding the relationships we find that the lending relationship has effect on the issuers firm choice among underwriters.According to (Ayako Yasuda) the issuer compaies with multiple relationships with underwriters may get significantly deeper fee discounts than single relationship companies. When selecting the underwriter in IPOs, issuers firms take into account many dimensions of the underwriting banks services, which can be divided into two groups, price and non-price dimensions. By suggesting that, the issuers firms tend to accomplish the highest possible offer price (Xiaoding Liu. Jay R. Ritter). Actually, the u nderwriting banks have a good signal on how successful the contract is and at what price the market will be able and willing to buy the contract. By that point, this leads the underwriter to identify the price for the issue. The number and location of underwriters is important for IPO. When there is a large number of competing underwriting banks the issuer firm will not only be most probably to make the best suitable choosing among competing underwriters, but will also place its self to do clear choices about whether or not to continue to pursue an IPO and to investigate the suitable timing, pricing and other offering strategies. The fact is that, the Initial Public Offering underwriting market is supported by many competing underwriting banks and there are no clear restrictions to entry, typifying a perfectly competitive market( Xiaoding Liu. Jay R. Ritter). 1.2 Problem statement Even though choosing an underwriting bank is the toughest task in becoming a public company, its also the most important task. The association between the firms which wish to go public and their underwriting banks, can influence the Initial Public Offering either the timing or offer price. In fact, the economic advantege to a company of relating its self to underwriters with a highy good reputation and quality can be clear by being well established. It is important for the issuer company to have clear determinats for choosing the suitable underwriter for many reasons ,which one of them is to avoid the underwriting banks that let alot of money on the table ,and this against the aim of going public which is for rising the capital . In fact, the process of IPO consists of many complicated and associated tasks by the issuer firm, underwriting bank, and the syndicate members. Hence, the selecting of the underwriter who can price, sell, stabilize, and helping to the successful of issu is very important. Also, the availability of clear determinats in selecting the underwriting banks will help the IPO issuers to avoid underwriters which have experience of excessive Initial Public Offerings underpricing and shift their issues to underwriters whose analysts have a good rating and continue to get a high rating (Dunbar,2000). In their study Loughran and Ritter (2004) found that, the companies which became public in the late 1990s selected their underwriting banks less according to the maximizing IPO proceeds and more depending on corruption and analyst lust. So the problem of this study is that, to explian the determinants that can create the equilibrium association of issuing company and underwriting bank.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Relevant Legislation, Regulations and Codes of Practice Free Essays
Care workers have got the responsibility to follow the relevant legislation which is in a form of policies and procedures to follow while at the work place so as to protect the employer and the clients. Health and work safety work act 1974 has got policies and procedures to follow so as to protect others from risks that could happen at work and it has got policies and procedures such as fire evacuation procedures for example the hand massage room was checked so as to make sure that the fire doors are not obstructed and the clients I worked with had received induction and she knew the fire evacuation procedures for example where the fire exits are, where to go for assembly when fire bell goes and many others. This act also covers risk assessments for example the adult should make sure that the dancing room has the right floors which is non-slip floors so as to prevent risks of hazards , the correct clothing for dancing and the room should not be crowded and no objects on the floor. We will write a custom essay sample on Relevant Legislation, Regulations and Codes of Practice or any similar topic only for you Order Now The act also states about manual handling and the act protects people from being injured from manual handling and instead uses lifting safely instead of manual handling which could be a risk to the client and the employer. Reporting of injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences regulations 1995 and this act states that if you have an infection which is contagious or an injury then one should be able to use non-verbal communication through a use of letter telling them why you are not coming in, what happened, when it happened , what you did or what you doing to cure it and the date and time of incident so basically this act is just when one canââ¬â¢t come into work because of a certain contagious illness and also recording it in an accident book. Food hygiene/ storage also is a policy to follow so as to avoid food poisoning to the clients and careers and the staff have got to be trained so as they can know how to handle food, store food safely and also prevent and avoid access of bacteria so as to avoid the risk of food poisoning which could lead to signs such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and other signs which could affect the health of the clients. COSHH (control of substances hazardous to health) 2002 act says labels should remain on bottles so as to know what to do if an accident happens; it also states the right of storage of materials and chemicals so as to avoid risks due to the hazardous chemicals that could cause risks to the clients and the workers. Disability /Discrimination act 1995 is an act that protects the disabled and also give them the equal opportunities even if they have to be treated individually and also employers should also supply services that the disabled could also access so that they could also access the services for example having lifts in a building, ramps so that the disabled could be able to access it. The disabled should be not being treated less favorably or failure to have equipment to access services just like every individual in the society. The act also protects people from being discriminated and also enforces equality hence discouraging bad acts such as race discrimination, age discrimination, sex discrimination and many others. The disability act also states that shops should have equipments / adjustments that disabled people could access for example lifts, words written clearly in big capital letters or Braille for the blind and communication styles such as sign language for the hearing impaired and many other equipments for them to access services too. The hand massage room should also be accessed for example the room should be able to adapt the needs of the disabled students such as lifts, ramps and also the right equipment for example the right tables and chairs needed for the disabled students. Human rights act 1998 also states that people have rights and if they think that their rights are being violated then they should have a law solution so that they could be protected from others. Human rights include the right to have a safe life for example people who work with vulnerable adults should have CRB check and relevant qualifications. I am studying at level 2 and training to work safely with this client group, right not to be discriminated again, right to liberty, freedom of expression, right to fair trial, right to enjoy, freedom of speech and many other rights and these rights should be exercised . However, one should not affect others just because he/she has rights because also others have also got the same rights so one should use their rights but also make sure that their rights donââ¬â¢t harm others. Equal opportunities act 2004 also states that people should have the same rights and also treated equally regardless of their individual needs because some people are more vulnerable than others and that is why some people have to be treated individually with their needs so as to receive equal opportunities with the other individuals in the society for example if the clients were going to have a hand massage and one client has got eczema then he/she has to get a hand cream that suits her type of skin so as for her to get the hand massage as well hence the clients receiving equal opportunities but treated individually. The equal opportunities states that everyone has the right to have a hand massage even if they have got skin complications for example people with brittle bones and different skin integrities must receive the right and equal care. This act also covers that everyone should have right to join activities for example everyone has the right to dance even thought they are disabled they could either move to the music or get out of their chairs with the help of crutches and people who canââ¬â¢t get out their chairs can also participate in this activity by joining and listening to music hence enjoying the social occasion. The care standard act 2002 also states that the care workers have got the responsibility of following policies and procedures of the work placement and also the codes of practice so as for them to know how to treat the clients and their fellow colleagues. The act also states that the staff (care workers) has got to be trained and CRB checked so as to know their history life and to also make sure that they are suitable to be care workers. This cat also states that the care workers have got to be ISA registered and also allows the staff to complain and the employers have got to check the complaints of the staff and adjust them fairly so that the staff and the care workers are protected from harm. This act also states that the clients must be respected for example if any client didnââ¬â¢t want hand massage then they should not have it. This act also covers the dignity of the clients for example clients who are going to swim should be able to be given individual rooms so as to protect their dignity, swimming pools should also have the right access for example hoists, steps and the ramps so that they could enjoy their swimming without any disturbances. The codes of practice are linked to the legislation, policies and procedures and they should always be followed by the staff so as to improve on the tandards of professional conduct and practice required for the staff. The adult should always protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and care workers for example treating each person as an individual and an adult should also strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and care workers for example being honest and trust worthy to clients. An adult should also promote the independence of service users while protecting them from as far as possible from danger or harm for example promoting the independence of service users and assisting them understand and exercise their rights, an adult should also respect the rights of the service users whilst seeking to ensure that their behavior does not harm themselves or other people. How to cite Relevant Legislation, Regulations and Codes of Practice, Papers
Sunday, May 3, 2020
Middle east free essay sample
Systems of government in the Middle East are almost without exception authoritarian which means leaders are not selected through free and fair elections, and a relatively narrow group of people control the state apparatus and are not held accountable for their decisions by the broader public. Political rights refer to characteristics such as free and fair elections for the chief executive and the legislature; the ability of citizens to organize in multiple political parties and compete in elections free from interference by the military, religious or other powerful groups. Civil liberties refers to the freedom of expression or more likely to be referred as individual rights. The establishment and spread of Islam began in the 17th century C. E. Two empires dominated the middle east The Sasanids (Iraq and Iran) and the Byzantines (Anatolian Empire). Muhammad a young caravan trader became the prophet of Islam. The last great Islamic empire was the Ottoman empire. Founded by Turkic tribes. Sharia Islamic law. Ulama clerics. Nationalism became a powerful ideology. It inspired many of the Ottomans subject peoples to secede. European Imperialism in the Middle East Britains footprint in the Middle East turned on two main concerns: securing access to regional oil supplies and protecting key access routes to India Several countries in the region escaped the yoke of direct European rule. Turkey was the successor of the Ottoman Empire in its core Anatolian Peninsula territory. Creation of the State of Israel The modern story of emergence of Israel began in Europe. Theodor Herzl began to advance the Zionist case that Jews constituted a nation, one hat needed its own nation-state in order to ensure that Jews could live in security and dignity in a land where they constituted a majority. On May 14, 1948, Zionist leaders proclaimed the State of Israel. The conflict between the newly created Jewish state and its Arab neighbours continues to the present. Pathways from Colonialism Israel was becoming a reality in the Middle East at about the same time that Middle Eastern populations were preparing to throw off the oppression of European domination. Egypt and Iraq achieved independence relatively early, in the 1930s. A wave of independence achievements then came during and after World War II, with Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Libya, Morocco, and Tunisia becoming independent in that order between 1943 and 1956. Kuwait, Algeria, and (South) Yemen became independent in the 1960s, and the Gulf States of Bahrain, Qatar, and the I-JAE The Structure and Dispositions ofFounding Regimes After Independence Founding regimes in the regionâ⬠meaning the first set of stable, patterned, and lasting dynamics regarding the processes by which leaders were selected and how those eaders in turn exercised power. 3 categories: 1 . Single-party systems Political systems dominated by single, preponderant political parties emerged all of which were republics ruled in dictatorial fashion by presidents. . Monarchies The right to rule stemmed not from elections but rather from claims about the legitimacy of specific families indefinite monopoly on power. 3. Democratic and semidemocratic systems In the post imperial Middle East, Just three countries had democratic or semidemocratic politics when it came to the ability of itizens to vote incumbents out of office through elections: Israel, Turkey, and Lebanon. Al l three countries constitutional structures featured a president alongside a prime minister and cabinet constituted from an elected parliament. For the Middle Easts mostly authoritarian incumbent rulers, a new global democratic ethos was unwelcome, as it served to further delegitimize regimes whose constituents were already discontented and who faced increasingly significant Islamist oppositions. Meanwhile, all rulersâ⬠democrats and dictatorsâ⬠struggled with painful economic eform processes and worried about how the losers would react politically Chapter 2: Governments and Oppositions Citizens political actions depend on the nature of the political environment in which they live. Governments established the parameters of the political environment, regulating when, how and who can participate in politics. The Middle East is a microcosm of the contemporary worlds diverse forms of government. Democracies In a democratic regime, control of the government is decided through periodic elections that allow competition between two or more groups. Examples: Iraq, Israel, Lebanon and Palestinian authority. Four basic criteria for a political system to be democratic. First, parties are not allowed to rule the repeatedly. Second, whoever wins will be allowed to assume office, even if the opposition wins. Third, elected officials must be able to exercise their powers without being subjected from unelected officials. Lastly, elections must be repeated. Semidemocracies When two political power is divided between elected civilian politicians and unelected veto groups who can and do block the full functioning of the democratic rocess. Examples: Iran and Turkey Nondemocracies When political systems that are neither democracies nor full-fledged dictatorships but an ambiguous form in between. They are sub-divided into two categories, the republics and the monarchies. Examples: Republics: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Saudi Arabia ad I-JAE Oppositions An individual or group can be opposed to some government policy or person but not take steps to act on that opposition, preferring withdrawal or avoidance. The most heated area of opposition in the M. E is over official ideologies. 3 main strategies used y opposition groups: Organization building, Ideological mobilization and Tactical variation. Organizations of Oppositions A political party is a group of like-minded people who form an organization that competes for votes to get its candidates elected to public office. Thus, opposition groups can come int 2 diff. forms: social movements and armed organization. Ideologies of Opposition *ideas are important resources in the process of political mobilization. 3 main types of oppositional ideologies: ideologies espousing defense of minority group of rights, leftist ideology and religious based ideology. Tactics of Oppostiton *variation in tactics The choice of different tactics feeds back into and transforms ideology, so we should not assume that groups are identical simply because they espouse a similar ideology. Governments and Oppositions 3 types of political environments: 1. Undivided inclusive No political opponents are allowed to participate in the formal political system. 2. Undivided exclusive where governments allow virtually all groups to participate in elections. 3. Divided where governments include some opposition groups and individuals but rigorously exclude others.
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